Methodology

3.1 Literature and data collection

The review draws on peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers on battery-electric ferries, risk assessment, and MASS; project documentation and industry reports for key pilot vessels; public announcements, stock exchange notices and trade-press articles for the Lavik-Oppedal project; and regulatory and class documents from IMO, EMSA and DNV.

3.2 Case selection

The following cases are used as reference points:

• MF Ampere (Norway) — first fully electric Ro-Pax ferry (Lavik-Oppedal)
• E-ferry Ellen (Denmark) — long-range electric ferry with large battery capacity
• MS Medstraum (Norway) — first zero-emission fast ferry under the TrAM project
• milliAmpere2 (Trondheim) and Autoferry/NTNU projects — autonomous urban ferries and shore control concepts
• Zeam / MF Estelle (Stockholm) — commercial autonomous passenger service
• Candela P-12 (Stockholm) — high-speed electric hydrofoil commuter ferry
• Massterly ROC (Horten) — remote operation centre for Yara Birkeland, MS Marit, MS Therese
• Lavik-Oppedal autonomous ferries (Fjord1) — target system under development